SpheronizaTor: Spherical Voxelization for Interpretable Protein Microenvironment Modeling

Artificial intelligence (AI) has expanded the reach of structural biology by enabling models to extract biochemical and geometric features directly from 3-dimensional (3D) protein structures. Yet, the effectiveness of these models depends critically on how protein environments are encoded. Most existing volumetric representations rely on Cartesian voxel grids derived from smoothed atomic densities, an approach that offers broad applicability but struggles to reconcile rotational invariance, residue-level specificity, and explicit biochemical detail. We present SpheronizaTor, a residue-centered voxelization framework for protein structures that builds local spherical voxel maps centered on each residue. Each spherical map encodes atom types, covalent bonding information, and whether atoms belong to the central residue or neighboring residues. By producing one voxel representation per residue, SpheronizaTor emphasizes the structural and functional granularity through which proteins organize catalysis, recognition, and stability. The combination of spherical alignment with chemically explicit feature channels enables richer interpretability and enhances compatibility with 3D convolutional and hybrid neural architectures. Designed specifically for proteins and engineered for extensibility, SpheronizaTor provides a voxelization strategy that is both chemically realistic and computationally efficient. The residue-centric approach bridges the gap between global volumetric encoders and graph-based models, offering a versatile foundation for downstream tasks such as mutation effect prediction, binding site analysis, and structural comparison across protein families.