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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
ESI utilizes electrical energy to transfer ions from the liquid phase of the sample into the...
Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves01:22

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun's warmth. At other times, it is subtle, such as the unfelt energy of gamma rays, which can destroy living cells. Electromagnetic waves bring energy into a system through their electric and magnetic fields. These fields can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them. However, there is energy in an electromagnetic wave,...

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Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials
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The Solar Wind Electron (SWE) Instrument for the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe Mission.

R M Skoug1, T B Schultz1, D M Venhaus1

  • 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.

Space Science Reviews
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Solar Wind Electron instrument on the IMAP mission measures solar wind electrons to study particle acceleration. It provides the first real-time identification of counterstreaming solar wind electrons.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Heliophysics

Background:

  • The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission aims to understand particle acceleration processes.
  • Solar wind electrons are crucial for understanding energy transfer and dynamics in the heliosphere.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the design, performance, and operations of the Solar Wind Electron (SWE) instrument.
  • To enable in situ measurements of solar wind thermal and suprathermal electrons.
  • To facilitate real-time identification of counterstreaming solar wind electrons.

Main Methods:

  • The SWE instrument measures electron distribution from 1-5000 eV with 14% energy resolution.
  • Measurements are taken at 7 polar angles and 30 spin angle bins, covering ~95% of phase space.
  • A subset of data is transmitted in near real-time via the IMAP I-ALiRT system.

Main Results:

  • The SWE instrument successfully measures solar wind electron distributions.
  • The instrument enables the first real-time identification of counterstreaming solar wind electrons.
  • Detailed instrument performance and data processing methods are established.

Conclusions:

  • The SWE instrument is a key component of the IMAP mission, enhancing our understanding of solar wind phenomena.
  • Real-time data transmission provides unprecedented capabilities for studying dynamic space weather events.
  • The instrument's comprehensive measurements contribute to understanding particle acceleration in the heliosphere.