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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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T cells, the Next Big Target in Axial Spondyloarthritis?

Mansi K Aparnathi1, Nigil Haroon1,2

  • 1Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)
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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) involves diverse T cell subsets driving inflammation. Targeting these T cells, including Th17 and TRM cells, offers new therapeutic avenues for axSpA.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory condition with significant immune system involvement.
  • T cells are recognized as key players in the complex immune dysregulation underlying axSpA pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on T cell subsets in axSpA.
  • To elucidate their pathogenic mechanisms and explore emerging therapeutic strategies targeting T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of current research on T cell subsets in axSpA.
  • Analysis of pathogenic mechanisms involving conventional and innate-like T cells.
  • Review of therapeutic strategies including direct and indirect targeting.

Main Results:

  • Conventional T cells (CD8+, CD4+ Th17, Treg, TRM) and innate-like T cells (γδ, MAIT, iNKT) contribute to axSpA.
  • IL-17 production driven by IL-23 plays a significant role in inflammation and tissue damage.
  • Cytokine milieu complexity may explain inefficacy of some inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • The intricate interplay of T cell subsets in axSpA pathogenesis necessitates targeted treatments.
  • Emerging therapies include anti-TRBV9 antibody therapy, JAK inhibition, and targeting IL-17 and TNF.
  • Further research can lead to personalized and combination therapies for axSpA.