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Updated: May 12, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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Quantum Signatures of Proper Time in Optical Ion Clocks.

Gabriel Sorci1, Joshua Foo1,2, Dietrich Leibfried3

  • 1Stevens Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA.

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|May 11, 2026
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Summary

Atomic clocks can now probe quantum proper time, revealing relativistic effects beyond classical descriptions. This opens new avenues for understanding time

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Atomic clocks
  • Relativistic effects

Background:

  • Optical atomic clocks offer high sensitivity to relativistic effects.
  • Current measurements of time dilation rely on classical proper time.
  • A gap exists in probing quantum aspects of relativistic time evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate quantum effects in relativistic time dilation using atomic clocks.
  • To explore scenarios where classical proper time descriptions are insufficient.
  • To demonstrate the necessity of quantum mechanics for describing proper time.

Main Methods:

  • Application of Hamiltonian formalism to harmonically trapped clock atoms.
  • Derivation of time dilation effects including second-order Doppler shifts.
  • Analysis of quantum corrections, vacuum energy, and squeezing effects.

Main Results:

  • Emergence of superpositions of proper time, challenging classical descriptions.
  • Observation of quantum corrections to atomic clock dynamics.
  • Demonstration of time-dilation-induced entanglement in squeezed atomic motion.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic clocks can probe quantum relativistic effects where classical proper time fails.
  • Strongly squeezed atomic motion enables proper time interferometry.
  • Trapped ion clocks can soon probe quantum proper time, necessitating quantum descriptions.