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Related Concept Videos

Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
Divergence and Curl of Electric Field01:25

Divergence and Curl of Electric Field

The divergence of a vector is a measure of how much the vector spreads out (diverges) from a point. For example, an electric field vector diverges from the positive charge and converges at the negative charge. The divergence of an electric field is derived using Gauss's law and is equal to the charge density divided by the permittivity of space. Mathematically, it is expressed as
Induced Electric Fields01:23

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field01:26

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions

Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
The surface integral of an electric field is given by Gauss's law in integral form and is related to...
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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Published on: January 9, 2014

Measurement-Induced Entanglement in Conformal Field Theory.

Kabir Khanna1,2, Romain Vasseur1

  • 1University of Geneva, Department of Theoretical Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local measurements significantly alter quantum entanglement in critical states. This study reveals measurement-induced entanglement differs from forced outcomes, offering new insights into quantum systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Local measurements can profoundly influence many-body entanglement, particularly in quantum-critical states.
  • Analytical studies on measurement effects in many-body systems are limited, often approximating measurements by forcing outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate measurement-induced entanglement (MIE) in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids.
  • To analytically compute the entanglement generated by local charge operator measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a replica trick to handle the inherent randomness of measurement outcomes.
  • Calculated MIE for Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids, a class of 1+1D quantum critical states.
  • Compared results with matrix-product state calculations.

Main Results:

  • Derived exact results for MIE in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids.
  • Demonstrated that MIE from physical quantum measurements differs significantly from forced-outcome scenarios.
  • Found MIE can be interpreted via Born averaging over conformally invariant boundary conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Physical quantum measurements induce entanglement distinct from theoretical approximations.
  • The study provides an exact analytical framework for understanding MIE in critical quantum systems.
  • Results offer a new perspective on quantum entanglement manipulation through local measurements.