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Trichuris muris Infection: A Model of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation in the Gut
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Experimental protothecosis in a murine model.

Angelika Proskurnicka1, Karolina Duk2, Tomasz Hutsch3

  • 1Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases
|May 11, 2026
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Summary

This study developed a mouse model for Prototheca infections, revealing species-specific virulence and the crucial role of host immunity in disease severity. Different Prototheca species cause varied infection rates and outcomes in mice.

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Prototheca species are microalgae causing opportunistic infections in vertebrates.
  • Understanding their pathogenesis requires robust experimental models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a comprehensive murine model of protothecosis.
  • To investigate the impact of Prototheca species, inoculum dose, route, and host immunity on disease.

Main Methods:

  • Infection of immunocompetent and athymic mice with four Prototheca species.
  • Varied inoculum doses (10⁶ or 10⁷) and routes (subcutaneous, intramammary, intraperitoneal).
  • Microbiological and histopathological analyses of organs post-infection.

Main Results:

  • All four Prototheca species caused infection, with P. ciferrii, P. bovis, and P. wickerhamii being more virulent than P. stagnora.
  • Athymic mice showed higher susceptibility and multifocal infections compared to immunocompetent mice.
  • Higher inocula increased infection yield; route affected site but not severity. Elevated IL-10 and TNF-α levels were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Protothecal disease exhibits species-specific infection patterns.
  • Infection is often chronic and asymptomatic, with host immunity dictating severity.
  • The murine model effectively elucidates Prototheca pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.