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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added together...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment
08:39

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment

Published on: October 28, 2022

2024 global temperature record is consistent with model-predicted warming.

Michael E Mann1, Byron A Steinman2, Alejandro Fernandez3

  • 1Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent global temperature records, like 2024, had a low likelihood without human-caused warming. These events were not entirely anomalous, except for 1998, highlighting the impact of climate change.

Keywords:
climate changeclimate extremestemperature records

More Related Videos

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment
08:39

Simulating Temperature in a Soil Incubation Experiment

Published on: October 28, 2022

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Recent years have seen record-breaking global temperatures.
  • Understanding the probability of these extreme events is crucial for climate change assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the likelihood of recent global temperature records.
  • To determine the influence of anthropogenic warming on extreme temperature events.

Main Methods:

  • A semiempirical approach combining climate model simulations and observational temperatures.
  • Monte Carlo simulations to generate global temperature series.
  • Utilizing data from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) multimodel simulations.

Main Results:

  • The 2024 global temperature record had a ~12% likelihood, similar to 2016 (~14%).
  • The 1998 record was found to be truly anomalous (~2.5% likelihood).
  • All recent record years were nearly impossible without human-caused warming.

Conclusions:

  • Recent extreme global temperatures are highly improbable without anthropogenic influence.
  • While El Niño events boost temperatures, human-caused warming is the primary driver of record-breaking years.
  • The study underscores the significant impact of human activities on global temperature extremes.