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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the solvent...
Reactivity of Enolate Ions01:23

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

Enolate ions are formed by the acid–base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the α hydrogen atom, leading to a resonance-stabilized enolate ion where one of the contributing structures is an oxyanion, which imparts additional stability. Therefore, the proton on the α carbon is more acidic in nature than that of other sp3-hybridized C–H bonds but less acidic than those in O–H bonds where the negative charge in the conjugate base is localized on the oxygen...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

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Mn-Induced Support Stabilization and Ir Electronic Activation Enable Acid-Stable, Low-Loading IrO2 Water Oxidation.

Zhe Liu1,2,3, Guoxin Ma1, Shixiang Yu4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Manganese doping enhances low-iridium catalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reactions (OER) by improving activity and stability. This study reveals Mn stabilizes iridium nanoparticles and optimizes electron transfer, offering a new design principle for efficient catalysts.

Keywords:
Mnacidic oxygen evolution reactiondoping effectlow‐loading IrO2support chemistry

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Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures
09:16

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Published on: November 7, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Low-iridium catalysts face challenges in activity and stability for acidic oxygen evolution reactions (OER).
  • The mechanism by which manganese (Mn) doping improves these catalysts is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanistic role of Mn doping in enhancing the performance of low-loading IrO2/Co3O4 catalysts for acidic OER.
  • To investigate how Mn incorporation affects catalyst activity, stability, and the underlying electronic structure.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of Mn3+ into the octahedral sites of Co3O4 support.
  • In situ spectroscopic analyses to probe catalyst behavior during operation.
  • Theoretical calculations to understand electronic interactions and structural stabilization.

Main Results:

  • Mn doping reduced overpotential by 51 mV and increased operational stability six-fold at 10 mA cm-2.
  • Mn3+ incorporation induced strong Mn─O covalency, reinforcing the spinel lattice and stabilizing IrO2 nanoparticles.
  • Mn doping suppressed ion leaching and activated Ir sites through interfacial electron transfer, optimizing intermediate adsorption for the oxide-path mechanism (OPM).

Conclusions:

  • Mn doping offers a dual-regulation strategy for support chemistry, enhancing both activity and stability of low-loading IrO2 catalysts.
  • The findings provide a general principle for designing advanced catalysts for acidic OER.
  • Targeted Mn incorporation effectively overcomes limitations in low-iridium catalyst applications.