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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...
Fatigue01:21

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Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...

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Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
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Decoding Neuromuscular Fatigue in Trail Running: A Systematic Review Across Distances and Sex Differences.

Violeta Muñoz de la Cruz1, Fernando González-Mohíno1, Felipe García-Pinillos2,3

  • 1Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences,University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Trail running performance is limited by central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue. Longer races (≥100 km) increase peripheral fatigue and muscle damage, while shorter races show more central fatigue. Sex differences are minimal.

Keywords:
blood biomarkersfatigue mechanismsmuscle damage

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Trail Running Research

Background:

  • Trail running performance is influenced by neuromuscular fatigue.
  • Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for optimizing training and performance.
  • Limited research exists on sex differences and event distance impacts on trail running fatigue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review fatigue mechanisms in trail running.
  • To examine the influence of sex and event distance on fatigue responses.
  • To synthesize current evidence on neuromuscular and muscle damage markers.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Dimensions AI databases.
  • Included studies on trained adult trail runners comparing pre- and post-race fatigue markers.

Main Results:

  • Neuromuscular fatigue involves both central and peripheral mechanisms.
  • Peripheral fatigue and muscle damage increase with longer race distances (≥100 km).
  • Central fatigue is more prominent in shorter trail running events.

Conclusions:

  • Fatigue mechanisms in trail running are multifactorial and distance-dependent.
  • Sex differences in fatigue responses appear minimal.
  • Methodological heterogeneity currently limits definitive conclusions.