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Related Concept Videos

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
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Examining the Relevance of Hostility for the Dual Systems Model: Predictive Power and Moderating Effects on

Thomas Wojciechowski1

  • 1School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA wojcie42@msu.edu.

Violence and Victims
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Adolescent aggression is linked to an imbalance between sensation-seeking and impulse control. Hostility moderates this, reducing aggression when impulse control is high and sensation-seeking is low.

Keywords:
aggressiondual systems modelhostilityjustice-involved youth

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Criminology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Antisocial behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood is influenced by the interplay between impulse control and sensation-seeking.
  • The moderating role of hostility in the relationship between dual systems imbalance and aggressive behavior is not well understood.
  • Understanding these cognitive and affective factors is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hostility as a moderator of the association between dual systems imbalance (impulse control and sensation-seeking) and aggressive behavior.
  • To examine how variations in impulse control and sensation-seeking predict aggressive behavior variety.
  • To explore the differential impact of hostility levels across varying degrees of dual systems imbalance.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 11 waves of data from the Pathways to Desistance study.
  • Utilized generalized estimating equations (GEE) to assess direct and moderated effects.
  • Examined the moderating role of hostility on the relationship between dual systems imbalance and aggressive behavior variety.

Main Results:

  • A greater imbalance, defined by high sensation-seeking and low impulse control, predicted an increased variety of aggressive behaviors.
  • Hostility significantly moderated this relationship, exerting a negative effect.
  • Differences in aggressive behavior variety were observed between high and low hostility groups when impulse control was high and sensation-seeking was low, but these differences diminished under conditions of high sensation-seeking and low impulse control.

Conclusions:

  • The findings highlight the complex interplay between cognitive factors (impulse control, sensation-seeking) and affective traits (hostility) in predicting adolescent aggression.
  • Hostility may buffer the link between dual systems imbalance and aggressive behavior, particularly when impulse control is relatively high.
  • These results underscore the importance of considering both cognitive and emotional dimensions in understanding and addressing aggressive behavior in young individuals.