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Acoustic Coupling for Double-Blind Human Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation.

Aditya Kapoor1, Andrew Strohman2, Yunruo Ni3

  • 1Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Researchers developed a novel gel-plastic coupling device for low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) neuromodulation. This cost-effective device enables double-blind studies by creating visually and tactilely identical verum and sham ultrasound devices.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Acoustic Engineering

Background:

  • Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) offers non-invasive neuromodulation with precise targeting capabilities for deep brain structures.
  • Ensuring rigorous and reproducible LIFU research necessitates effective double-blinding strategies to mitigate experimental bias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel, cost-effective gel-plastic coupling device for implementing double-blind protocols in human LIFU studies.
  • To create visually and tactilely indistinguishable verum (ultrasound transmitting) and sham (ultrasound blocking) coupling devices.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 3D-printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) discs of varying thicknesses and infill densities integrated into a gel-polymer matrix.
  • Assessed insertion loss and beam characteristics of the coupling devices across neuromodulation frequencies (0.2–1 MHz).
Keywords:
Double blindHumanLow intensity focused ultrasoundNeuromodulationSham control

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  • Designed sham devices with an internal air gap to achieve significant ultrasound attenuation.

    • Main Results:

    • An ABS device with 1.5 mm thickness and 50% infill exhibited low insertion loss (0.9 ± 0.04 dB at 0.50 MHz), suitable for verum applications.
    • Sham devices achieved high insertion loss (31 dB at 0.50 MHz) due to the integrated air gap.
    • The verum device minimally impacted beam shape, with small radial (0.3 ± 0.2 mm) and axial (0.5 mm) shifts.

    Conclusions:

    • A novel, adaptable gel-plastic coupling device was successfully developed for LIFU neuromodulation.
    • This cost-effective solution supports double-blind protocols by ensuring device indistinguishability and controlled ultrasound transmission.
    • The developed device enhances the reliability and rigor of human LIFU experimental outcomes.