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A decoupled phase engineering strategy for Si-GSST active metasurfaces.

Yasaman Tanhayivash¹, Hadi Soofi², Saeid Nikmehr¹

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Scientific Reports

|May 11, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a new method for designing multifunctional metasurfaces using silicon and GSST. This approach decouples design phases, enabling independent optimization for distinct functionalities and overcoming previous design challenges.

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Area of Science:

Metasurface optics
Optically active materials
Phase change materials

Background:

Designing multifunctional metasurfaces is challenging due to coupled functionalities.
Simultaneous optimization of phase and amplitude for all functions is required.
Existing methods struggle with the interdependence of optical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce a novel strategy for designing active silicon-Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (Si-GSST) metasurfaces.
Enable decoupled design phases by leveraging the similar refractive indices of Si and amorphous GSST.
Demonstrate a bifocal metasurface with independent focal length control.

Main Methods:

Utilized the unique material property of GSST (n_amorphous = n_Si) for decoupled design.
Designed a pure silicon metasurface for the amorphous GSST state functionality.

Keywords:

2D metalens Bifocal Metasurface Phase change materials

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Engineered GSST layer geometry for the crystalline phase functionality.

Employed a full vectorial 3D finite-difference time-domain method for simulations.

Main Results:

Presented a bifocal metasurface based on Si-GSST meta-atoms operating at 1570 nm.
Achieved monofocal lensing with f1 = 4000 nm using a pure Si metasurface.
Demonstrated bifocal lensing with f2 = 7000 nm by incorporating GSST.
Analyzed focusing behavior and spot sizes for both focal points.
Discussed the feasibility and robustness against fabrication tolerances.

Conclusions:

The proposed Si-GSST metasurface design strategy effectively decouples functionalities.
This approach allows for independent optimization of metasurface properties for different operating states.
The demonstrated bifocal metasurface showcases the potential of this technique for advanced optical applications.