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Related Concept Videos

Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
Carnot Cycle and Efficiency01:26

Carnot Cycle and Efficiency

The Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that it's impossible for any heat engine to achieve 100% efficiency. While contemplating the maximum possible efficiency, Nicolas Sadi Carnot conceptualized an ideal heat engine. This engine gets its energy from a high-temperature reservoir. It then performs some work and releases the remaining energy into a low-temperature reservoir.The Carnot cycle, named after Sadi Carnot, is fully reversible. The cycle consists of four distinct stages. In the first...
Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines01:14

Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines

The mechanical efficiency of a machine is a fundamental concept that describes how effectively a machine can convert input work into output work. According to this concept, the efficiency of a machine is equal to the ratio of the output work to the input work. An ideal machine, meaning a machine that has no energy losses, has an efficiency of one. This implies that the input work and the output work are equal.
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Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle01:16

Efficiency of The Carnot Cycle

The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, which is the same before and after the completion of the Carnot cycle, there is no change in its internal energy. Hence, using the first law of thermodynamics, the total heat exchanged by the ideal gas equals the total work done. Thus, we can quantify the efficiency of the Carnot cycle via the heat exchanged...
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit
04:35

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit

Published on: July 5, 2024

Energy-efficiency optimization and comparison for IRS-assisted bidirectional relay and direct transmissions.

Caixia Cai1, Jiayao Zhang2, Fuli Zhong3

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China. cxiacai@163.com.

Scientific Reports
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) enhance energy efficiency in Beyond 5G/6G communications. IRS-assisted bidirectional relay transmission (BRT) outperforms bidirectional direct transmission (BDT) when total transmit power exceeds -5 dBm.

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless communication systems
  • Signal processing
  • Energy-efficient network design

Background:

  • Future wireless networks (Beyond 5G/6G) demand high data rates and low power consumption.
  • Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) offer a promising solution for enhancing wireless transmission efficiency.
  • Optimizing energy efficiency (EE) is crucial for sustainable communication systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize and compare the energy efficiency (EE) of IRS-assisted bidirectional relay transmission (BRT) and bidirectional direct transmission (BDT).
  • To investigate the impact of joint phase shift (PS) and transmit power (TP) optimization on EE.
  • To provide a comprehensive analysis of EE performance between BRT and BDT under various conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of IRS-assisted BRT and BDT system models.
  • Analysis of signal transmission and EE for both BRT and BDT configurations.
  • Joint optimization of PS and TP using complex circle gradient descent and successive convex approximation.
  • Derivation of optimal TP using Lagrange multipliers and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions.

Main Results:

  • IRS-assisted BRT demonstrates superior EE performance compared to BDT when total TP exceeds -5 dBm.
  • Joint optimization of PS and TP leads to significant EE improvements: 61.36% for BRT and 65.51% for BDT, compared to individual optimization.
  • The proposed optimization algorithms effectively solve the complex optimization problems.

Conclusions:

  • IRS-assisted BRT is a more energy-efficient transmission strategy than BDT under higher transmit power conditions.
  • Joint optimization of IRS phase shifts and transmit power is essential for maximizing energy efficiency in IRS-assisted wireless systems.
  • The findings provide valuable insights for designing energy-efficient Beyond 5G and 6G communication networks.