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Ingredient-driven mitigation of warmed-over flavor by Chinese star anise in precooked Chinese stewed beef
Junmei Liu1, Siyang Deng2, Donghui Xu3
1Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100081, China; Changping Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 102202 Beijing, China; Unit of Food Science and Formulation, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés, 2B, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
Abstract:
The study investigated the effects of Chinese star anise on the warmed-over flavor (WOF) in precooked Chinese stewed beef (PSB) after 6 d of refrigerated storage by analyzing sensory attributes, aroma profiles, fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, total sulfhydryl (SH) content, and protein secondary structure. All star anise addition levels (1-4%, w/w) significantly reduced key WOF-related volatiles compared with the control, and 1% addition gave the lowest odor activity values. Only 3% star anise significantly suppressed lipid oxidation, as indicated by the lowest TBARS value and the highest total unsaturated fatty acid content (∑UFA). At this level, key WOF-related compounds, including hexanal and 2,3-octanedione, decreased by over 90%. At 4%, a pro-oxidant tendency was observed. TBARS increased and ∑UFA decreased compared with the 3% group. Whereas, most lipid-derived compounds remained stable or decreased. Star anise further changed protein secondary structure and SH content, suggesting that star anise-derived components may interact with beef protein. This may alter protein conformation and influence the retention and release of WOF-related volatiles. Moreover, star anise enriched the flavor profile of the PSB and masked WOF perception. Among endowed volatiles form star anise, (E)-anethole was the dominant contributor, with the highest endowment rate value of 4.91%. Sensory evaluation revealed that the 1% group achieved the highest overall acceptance, with better balance between meaty and star anise-like aromas and weaker WOF perception. These findings support the use of star anise as an ingredient-driven strategy to mitigate WOF and improve flavor quality in industrial production of PSB.
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