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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone.
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal, such as sodium, dissociates into a...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ ≥ 15); an...

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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
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Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Published on: May 15, 2015

Revised Solvent Rule Unlocks Non-Conventional Solvents for Na+-Solvent Co-Intercalation in Graphite.

Yuanyuan Yang1,2, Yuchen Zhang2,3, Lin Chen2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers found that solvent solvating power is not crucial for sodium-ion battery electrode intercalation. This discovery broadens solvent options for graphite-based sodium-ion batteries, enhancing their potential.

Keywords:
Na+–solvent co‐intercalationgraphite electrodesodium‐ion batteriessolvation energy cancellationsolvent selection rule

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Solvent selection for sodium-ion battery graphite electrodes historically followed a rule requiring high reductive stability and strong solvating power.
  • This rule limited viable solvents primarily to glyme-based ethers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the empirical solvent selection rule for Na+-solvent co-intercalation in graphite.
  • To demonstrate that solvation power can be decoupled from co-intercalation feasibility in coupled electrode systems.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a fluorinated ether with attenuated solvating power but high reductive stability.
  • Tested the fluorinated ether and typical carbonate solvents for co-intercalation in graphite electrodes.
  • Identified aminated ethers as a new class of co-intercalating solvents.

Main Results:

  • Successful Na+-solvent co-intercalation was achieved with a weakly solvating fluorinated ether.
  • Carbonate solvents with superior solvation failed due to reductive decomposition.
  • Solvation strength was confirmed not to be the determining factor for co-intercalation.

Conclusions:

  • The cyclic consumption and regeneration of Na+-solvent complexes cancel solvation energy in coupled electrode systems.
  • The empirical dual-factor rule for solvent selection is revised, removing solvation capability as a constraint.
  • This work expands the range of viable solvents for graphite-based sodium-ion batteries.