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Reverse-Flow Engineering of a Liquid Microjunction Surface Sampling Probe for Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Mina Alidoust Sl1, Jian Yu1, Malek Hassan1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.

Analytical Chemistry
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
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Reverse-flow engineering enhances liquid microjunction surface sampling probes (LMJ-SSP) by reducing clogging and improving stability. This method uses computational fluid dynamics and experiments for better mass spectrometric analysis of complex samples.

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) is vital for localized mass spectrometry.
  • Limitations include low spatial resolution and particle-induced clogging.
  • Optimizing flow dynamics is crucial for LMJ-SSP performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of flow direction on LMJ-SSP stability and clogging.
  • To develop a reverse-flow configuration to overcome traditional design limitations.
  • To enhance spatial resolution and reduce clogging propensity in LMJ-SSP.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling with experimental measurements.
  • Systematic examination of flow direction effects on liquid microjunction stability, shear stress, and clogging.

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  • Application and testing of a reverse-flow configuration using fused-silica capillaries and annular gaps.
  • Particle-tracking simulations and experimental clogging tests with microspheres and biological debris.
  • Direct analysis of metabolites from complex biological samples (pollen, leaf tissues).

    • Main Results:

    • CFD modeling showed a reorganized streamline, enhanced shear forces, and suppressed stagnation zones in reverse flow.
    • Reverse flow created a more confined microjunction meniscus compared to normal flow.
    • Experimental tests demonstrated a threefold reduction in clogging potential with reverse flow.
    • Particle-tracking simulations confirmed outward radial trajectories preventing central blockage.
    • Successful direct analysis of metabolites from particulate-rich plant tissues was achieved.

    Conclusions:

    • Reverse-flow engineering is a robust strategy for enhancing LMJ-SSP performance.
    • This approach improves operational stability and reduces clogging.
    • Consistent surface sampling from complex, particulate-rich samples is achievable under mass spectrometric conditions.