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Updated: May 13, 2026

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Metal Ion-Engineered Carbon Quantum Dots From Hazelnut Shell via Solid-State Synthesis for Efficient OLED Devices.

Fatmanur Uyumaz Cengiz1, Figen Türksoy2, Emine Tekin3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye.

Luminescence : the Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
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This study presents a green synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from hazelnut shells. Metal ion doping with BaCl2 significantly improved CQD properties and OLED device performance, demonstrating a sustainable approach.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications.
  • Developing scalable and eco-friendly synthesis methods for CQDs is crucial.
  • Tailoring CQD properties through doping is essential for enhancing device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a scalable and green solid-state synthesis of nitrogen-doped CQDs from hazelnut shell biomass.
  • To investigate the effect of controlled BaCl2 and ZnCl2 doping on CQD characteristics.
  • To evaluate the performance of these doped CQDs in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state synthesis using hazelnut shell biomass, citric acid, and urea.
Keywords:
OLEDcarbon quantum dotshazelnut shell biomasssolid‐state synthesissustainable materials

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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  • Controlled doping with BaCl2 and ZnCl2 to modify nucleation and surface chemistry.
  • Characterization using FTIR, XRD, STEM, XPS, DLS, and optical measurements.
  • Fabrication and testing of OLEDs utilizing the synthesized CQDs as emissive layers.

    • Main Results:

    • BaCl2-assisted CQDs showed higher graphitization, narrower size distribution (7-13 nm), and fewer defects compared to ZnCl2-assisted CQDs.
    • Both doped CQDs exhibited strong blue emission (405-412 nm) with high stability (>95% over 30 days).
    • BaCl2-CQDs achieved a significantly higher luminous efficiency (0.75 cd/A) in OLEDs than ZnCl2-CQDs (0.20 cd/A).

    Conclusions:

    • Metal ion-assisted nucleation is an effective strategy for engineering CQD properties.
    • BaCl2 doping enhances CQD graphitization and performance in OLEDs.
    • This work offers a sustainable and scalable pathway for developing advanced CQD-based OLED technologies.