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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
19:15

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) and Modifiable Maternal Behavioral Risks in a Low-Resource Setting: Evidence From a

Rahel T Asrat1, Abel Gedefaw2, Tafese Bosha1

  • 1School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.

Birth Defects Research
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal behaviors like khat chewing, alcohol, and high coffee intake increase neural tube defect (NTD) risk in Ethiopia. Folic acid supplementation before conception significantly protects against NTDs.

Keywords:
khatalcoholanencephalycoffeeencephalocelefetusfolic acidnewbornpregnancyspina bifida

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Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes
03:19

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Teratology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital anomalies with high prevalence in Ethiopia.
  • Identifying maternal risk and protective factors is crucial in low-resource settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate maternal risk and protective factors for NTDs in Ethiopia.
  • To inform public health interventions for NTD prevention.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter, hospital-based, matched case-control study was conducted.
  • Data collected on maternal socio-demographics, reproductive history, and behaviors.
  • Bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyzed associations.

Main Results:

  • Khat chewing, alcohol intake, and high coffee consumption were significant risk factors for NTDs.
  • Industry working and nulliparity were also associated with increased NTD risk.
  • Folic acid/multivitamin supplementation showed a strong protective effect, especially when initiated before conception.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal behaviors like khat chewing, alcohol, and excessive coffee intake are linked to higher NTD risk.
  • Folic acid supplementation, particularly pre-conception, is a key protective factor against NTDs.
  • Findings suggest potential teratogenic effects of certain maternal behaviors in the Ethiopian context.