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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies
08:56

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies

Published on: October 7, 2021

Sonographic Normal Values for Ulnar Nerve Cross-Sectional Area.

Marianne T Luetmer1,2, James B Meiling1,2, Eric J Sorenson2

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN; and.

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Establishing age-specific reference values for ulnar nerve size using neuromuscular ultrasound improves diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. These new cut-offs aid clinical and electrodiagnostic evaluations.

Keywords:
ElectromyographyMononeuropathyReference valueUlnar nerveUlnar neuropathy at the elbowUltrasound

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies
08:56

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies

Published on: October 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow is common.
  • Existing reference values for ulnar nerve size vary widely.
  • Neuromuscular ultrasound, including cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements, aids diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish age-specific reference values for ulnar nerve CSA at multiple sites in asymptomatic adults.
  • To improve diagnostic accuracy for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 142 healthy adults without neuromuscular disease.
  • Measured ulnar nerve CSA using short-axis neuromuscular ultrasound at wrist, forearm, cubital tunnel, retrocondylar groove, and upper arm with elbow flexed.
  • Dynamic ultrasound assessed medial epicondyle subluxation/dislocation. Results stratified by age, sex, BMI, and handedness.

Main Results:

  • CSA increased with age at most sites, except the wrist.
  • Established age-specific CSA cut-offs for the retrocondylar groove (e.g., 10.0, 10.9, 11.4 mm²).
  • Calculated nerve size ratios and found 32% experienced subluxation/dislocation.

Conclusions:

  • Age-specific CSA values and ratios enhance the diagnostic interpretation of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.
  • These findings support integrating neuromuscular ultrasound into routine clinical and electrodiagnostic assessments.
  • Provides valuable reference data for the laboratory's specific population.