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Related Concept Videos

Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
09:36

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions

Published on: August 26, 2021

Beyond Free Virions: Interconnected Secretory Pathways and Reticulon 3 (RTN3) Coordinate Extracellular Vesicle

Razieh Bitazar1, Clinton Njinju Asaba1, Arnaldo Nakamura1

  • 1Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.

Biology
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate stealthy viral spread by packaging genomes within lipid bubbles. Reticulon-3 (RTN3) protein remodeling of the ER influences EV formation, impacting viral dissemination strategies.

Keywords:
dengue virusendoplasmic reticulum contact sitesextracellular vesicleshost–pathogen interactionsinfectious exosomesmultivesicular bodiesreticulon 3 (RTN3)secretory autophagy

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Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus
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Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus

Published on: September 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
09:36

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions

Published on: August 26, 2021

Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus
07:15

Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus

Published on: September 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication, capable of transferring viral genetic material.
  • EV-associated viral genomes offer protection from immune responses and enable persistent infection.
  • Understanding the cellular pathways governing EV biogenesis is crucial for controlling viral spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in the formation and release of infectious EVs.
  • To identify key host proteins regulating the trafficking and secretion of viral cargo within EVs.
  • To propose a framework for understanding how cellular secretory pathways contribute to viral dissemination via EVs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to visualize cellular structures in dengue virus-infected cells.
  • Investigated the role of reticulon-3 (RTN3) in ER remodeling and its impact on vesicular trafficking.
  • Employed infectivity-linked single-vesicle and quantitative proteomics to analyze EV cargo and infectivity.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that interconnected cellular secretory pathways (ER remodeling, MVB biogenesis, autophagy) generate EV heterogeneity.
  • Identified RTN3 as an upstream regulator coupling ER microdomains to endosomal and autophagy pathways, influencing EV secretion.
  • Observed extensive vesicular remodeling and altered vesicular routing in RTN3-perturbed dengue virus-infected cells.

Conclusions:

  • RTN3-mediated ER remodeling reshapes ER-endosome-autophagy trafficking interfaces, creating regulated decision points for EV biogenesis.
  • These findings support a pathomechanistic model where RTN3 influences the stratification of infectious EV subsets.
  • The study provides insights for developing host-directed strategies to curb non-lytic viral dissemination via EVs.