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Interpulse-Interval-Controlled Nanoparticle Formation in Gas-Phase Burst-Mode Femtosecond Laser Ablation.

Bowen Fan1, Tao Lü2, Jiang Wang1

  • 1School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 12, 2026
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Summary

Controlling nanoparticle size in laser ablation is key for accurate analysis. Tuning the femtosecond laser

Keywords:
burst-mode femtosecond laser ablationgas-phase nanoparticle generationinterpulse intervalmolecular dynamics simulation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physics

Background:

  • Gas-phase nanoparticle (NP) formation and size evolution in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) impact aerosol transport, ionization efficiency, and analytical accuracy.
  • Burst-mode laser ablation offers a promising strategy for controlling NP size but its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of gas-phase nanoparticle formation and size control.
  • To elucidate the effect of interpulse interval tuning in burst-mode femtosecond (fs) laser ablation on NP characteristics.
  • To establish a framework for tailoring NP size distributions using temporal pulse shaping.

Main Methods:

  • Combined experimental investigations and theoretical analysis.
  • Tuning the interpulse interval in burst-mode femtosecond laser ablation.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle size, size distribution, and ablation crater depth.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticle size showed a non-monotonic dependence on interpulse spacing, reaching a minimum at ~300 ps.
  • A transition from surface-dominated to plume-dominated ablation was observed with increasing interpulse interval.
  • Interpulse interval was found to govern laser energy redistribution, influencing NP formation via plume-mediated fragmentation and surface material supply.

Conclusions:

  • The interpulse interval in burst-mode fs laser ablation is a critical parameter for controlling gas-phase nanoparticle size.
  • A delay-dependent framework explains NP formation mechanisms, enabling tailored NP size distributions.
  • This study provides a basis for optimizing LA-ICP-MS analytical accuracy through temporal pulse shaping.