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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Randomized Controlled Trial to Study the Acute Effects of Strength Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Adults
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Published on: December 1, 2023

Staging intermediate hyperglycaemia for type 2 diabetes prevention: the ELSA-Brasil study.

Paula A Bracco1,2, Maria I Schmidt3, Danilo de Paula1

  • 1Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Diabetologia
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fasting plasma glucose and 1-hour plasma glucose staging effectively identifies type 2 diabetes development risk. Combining this with a clinical score improves accuracy and reduces unnecessary lab tests for prediabetes.

Keywords:
Clinical science and careEpidemiologyInsulin sensitivity and resistancePrediction and prevention of type 2 diabetes

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Published on: March 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) development involves intermediate hyperglycaemia stages.
  • Accurate staging is crucial for timely intervention and complication prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate T2D development stages using combined fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 1-hour plasma glucose (1h PG) or HbA1c levels.
  • To assess the utility of a clinical score in conjunction with these staging schemas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 1174 Brazilian adults in the ELSA-Brasil cohort.
  • Developed staging schemas based on FPG/1h PG and FPG/HbA1c thresholds for mild and moderate hyperglycaemia.
  • Incorporated a clinical score (≥10% 10-year diabetes risk) and evaluated insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2) and complication risk.

Main Results:

  • The FPG/1h PG schema stratified individuals by decreasing ISSI-2 and increasing complication risk, with progressively higher relative risks of incident T2D.
  • This schema demonstrated 89.1% sensitivity and 53.7% specificity, improving to 60.3% specificity when combined with a clinical score, reducing lab testing by 27.1%.
  • FPG/HbA1c schemas showed poorer prognostic properties compared to FPG/1h PG, though performance improved with the clinical score.

Conclusions:

  • FPG/1h PG staging provides nuanced stratification of intermediate hyperglycaemia with superior prognostic value over FPG/HbA1c schemas.
  • Integrating a predictive clinical score enhances staging accuracy, reduces laboratory burden, and minimizes false positives in diabetes risk assessment.