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Related Concept Videos

Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
11:52

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

The Innate and Adaptive Immune Functions of Osteoblast-Lineage Cells.

Mohammad A Hossain1, Plinio R Hurtado2,3, Gerald J Atkins4

  • 1Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, School of Medicine, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Current Osteoporosis Reports
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The osteoblast lineage plays a crucial role in skeletal immunity. These cells act as microbial sensors and antigen-presenting cells, coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses within bone.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityImmune responseInnate immunityOsteoblastOsteocyteOsteomyelitis

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Osteoblasts traditionally viewed for structural/metabolic roles.
  • Emerging evidence highlights osteoblast lineage involvement in immune responses.
  • Need for a mechanistic framework of immune functions within the osteoblast lineage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review literature on immune signaling, antigen presentation, and pathogen responses in the osteoblast lineage.
  • To establish a coherent mechanistic framework for osteoblast-related immune functions.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on the immune roles of osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, and osteocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review.
  • Inclusion criteria applied to 463 unique studies, with 43 selected.
  • Synthesis of findings on immune signaling, antigen presentation, and pathogen responses.

Main Results:

  • Osteoblast lineage exhibits a stage-specialized immune continuum.
  • Osteoprogenitors initiate inflammatory signaling.
  • Mature osteoblasts function as microbial sensors and conditional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via pattern recognition receptors and MHC class II.
  • Osteocytes detect microbial danger and activate interferon, chemokine, and cytokine programs.
  • These functions define a stromal immune system coordinating bone immunity.

Conclusions:

  • The osteoblast lineage is an integral part of a stromal immune system.
  • This immune architecture influences osteomyelitis, biomaterial interactions, and inflammatory bone remodeling.
  • Osteoblasts are underappreciated regulators of skeletal and systemic immunity.