Advances and emerging perspectives in arsenic bioremediation: a review study on mechanisms and innovations

Arsenic (As) contamination remains an ongoing public health crisis, impacting over 200 million people due to both natural processes and human activities that disperse the toxic element. Traditional physicochemical methods allow for rapid chemical reactions but become impractical because of their high costs and the sludge they produce, which must then be converted into environment friendly biotechnological solutions. This review links laboratory-scale microbial mechanisms to field-scale deployments through the integration of metalloproteomics and synthetic biology. It outlines the regulatory framework governing the AioSR and Arx detection systems and explores new innovative approaches such as Arsinothricin (AST) production and Phyto suction Technology. Data indicate that removal rates for Alishewanella agri and Bacillus cereus exceeded 94% in redox transformations, although current research focuses on Rhizosphere Consortia and 2025-2026 modeling databases aimed at addressing the "scaling gap' from controlled laboratory conditions to real-life field scenarios. The primary conclusion of this study reveals that adopting a Circular Economy approach can turn arsenic from a harmful pollutant into a valuable resource for industrial recovery. This review provides novel and strategic guidance to develop future microbial-based remediation methods that will protect global water supplies and clean the environment.