Complications following radiofrequency ablation of the pulmonary veins. A radiologist's guide

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the pulmonary veins is a common procedure used to treat persistent atrial fibrillation. Although it is generally safe and effective, it can be associated with complications of varying nature and severity. These include vascular access-related issues such as puncture site haematomas, complications involving the pulmonary veins themselves such as stenosis or thrombosis, and injuries to adjacent organs, including the development of atrio-oesophageal fistula, among others. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is the technique of choice to assess these complications, as well as for identifying key anatomical features that should be considered during pre-procedural planning.