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Updated: May 14, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

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Opposing transient and equilibrium effective radiative forcing from aerosol-cloud interactions.

¹Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. guy.dagan@mail.huji.ac.il.

Nature Communications

|May 12, 2026

Summary

Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) show a transient positive effect on Earth's radiation budget, but shift to a negative equilibrium. This time-dependent response, including hysteresis, impacts effective radiative forcing (ERF) estimates.

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Area of Science:

Atmospheric Science
Climate Science
Earth System Science

Background:

Aerosols significantly influence clouds and Earth's radiation budget.
Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) represent a major uncertainty in climate forcing estimates.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the time-dependent response of local, convection-focused effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions (ERF_ACI).
To understand how varying aerosol perturbation timescales affect ERF_ACI and its equilibrium state.

Main Methods:

Utilized an ensemble of high-resolution simulations with instantaneous and time-varying aerosol perturbations.
Analyzed simulations initialized from different atmospheric states to capture transient and equilibrium responses.

Main Results:

Transient ERF_ACI is positive within the first two days, driven by microphysical changes and enhanced cloud cover.
Equilibrium ERF_ACI becomes negative due to increased atmospheric stability and reduced anvil clouds.
Hysteresis is observed in intermediate regimes, where ERF_ACI depends on aerosol loading history.

Conclusions:

The time-mean ERF_ACI is dependent on the ratio of environmental adjustment to aerosol perturbation timescales.
Snapshot observations and equilibrium-based models may misestimate ERF_ACI due to neglecting time-dependent effects and hysteresis.