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Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
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Mapping shallow weak zones in Riyadh carbonate terrain using integrated MASW and borehole data.

Kamal Abdelrahman1

  • 1Geology and Geophysics Department, Geological Studies Center, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. khassanein@ksu.edu.sa.

Scientific Reports
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study maps shallow weak zones in Riyadh

Keywords:
Geotechnical site characterizationMASWNEHRP site classificationRiyadh (Saudi Arabia)Shear-wave velocitySoil thicknessSustainable urban developmentWeak zones

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Geophysics
  • Engineering Geology

Background:

  • Shallow weak zones in carbonate-alluvial environments pose risks to infrastructure.
  • Accurate subsurface characterization is crucial for safe design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate shallow weak zones using integrated geophysical and geotechnical methods.
  • To characterize subsurface conditions in urban corridors for infrastructure planning.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of 15 multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) profiles.
  • Integration with six geotechnical boreholes (SPT and RQD) for calibration.
  • Inversion of dispersion curves to generate 2D shear-wave velocity (Vs) sections.

Main Results:

  • Defined a three-layer subsurface structure: silty sand, fractured limestone, and bedrock.
  • Identified shallow low-Vs anomalies indicating fractured or cavity-prone zones.
  • Estimated Vs30 values classifying sites as NEHRP Site Class C, with some D.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution integration of MASW and borehole data effectively maps weak zones.
  • Generated engineering-ready spatial products for foundation planning in heterogeneous terrains.
  • Provides critical data for infrastructure alignment in carbonate environments.