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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Cryogenic Sample Loading into a Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer that Preserves Cellular Viability
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Cryogenic Sample Loading into a Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer that Preserves Cellular Viability

Published on: September 1, 2020

Signal averaging in cryogenic fast-field-cycling NMR experiments.

Michael Jurkutat1, Kajum Safiullin1, Pooja Singh1

  • 1Institute of Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.

Scientific Reports
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new field control system for fast-field-cycling (FFC) relaxometry, enhancing spin-lattice relaxation time measurements. The improved system offers greater precision and sensitivity across a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures.

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Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)
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Cryo-Electron Tomography Remote Data Collection and Subtomogram Averaging
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Cryo-Electron Tomography Remote Data Collection and Subtomogram Averaging

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Cryogenic Sample Loading into a Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer that Preserves Cellular Viability
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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) describes spin system equilibration with its environment.
  • Fast-field-cycling (FFC) relaxometry measures T1, crucial for understanding material dynamics and nuclear spin hyperpolarization.
  • T1 exhibits complex dependencies on magnetic field and temperature, providing valuable structural and dynamical insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel field control architecture for an FFC relaxometry system.
  • To enable precise T1 measurements over an extended range of magnetic fields (0-2.5 T) and temperatures (3-300 K).
  • To improve the accuracy, repeatability, and sensitivity of FFC relaxometry.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a new field control architecture for FFC relaxometry.
  • Direct definition of magnetic field profiles via NMR pulse sequences.
  • Utilizing Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control for enhanced field stability and reduced settling times.
  • Employing feedback control to minimize field errors and enable signal averaging.

Main Results:

  • The FFC system can probe relaxation properties from 0 to 2.5 T and temperatures from 300 K down to 3 K.
  • PID control improved measurement repeatability and reduced settling times, allowing T1 measurements down to 100 ms.
  • Feedback control decreased field errors, enabling signal averaging for enhanced measurement sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • The new field control architecture significantly advances FFC relaxometry capabilities.
  • The enhanced system provides more accurate and sensitive measurements of spin-lattice relaxation properties.
  • This development has implications for materials science, chemistry, and nuclear spin hyperpolarization studies.