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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy
10:40

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Published on: June 28, 2016

Detecting linear dichroism with atomic resolution.

Roger Guzman1,2, Ján Rusz3, Ang Li1

  • 1School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Nature Materials
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed electron linear dichroism microscopy to visualize orbital polarization at the atomic level. This technique precisely maps electron orbital occupation in materials, overcoming X-ray limitations for quantum material studies.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
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Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

Published on: April 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • X-ray linear dichroism probes electronic anisotropies but lacks atomic-scale resolution.
  • Investigating orbital polarization at the atomic level is crucial for understanding quantum materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a novel electron linear dichroism (ELD) methodology for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM).
  • Overcome spatial resolution limitations of X-ray techniques for atomic-scale electronic anisotropy studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized STEM with an atomic-sized electron probe and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).
  • Selected momentum transfers along orthogonal directions to map orbital occupation.
  • Applied the technique to strained La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin films.

Main Results:

  • Directly visualized Mn3d eg orbital polarization with sub-ångström precision in real space.
  • Resolved the influence of compressive and tensile strain on orbital occupation (3z2-r2 vs. x2-y2).
  • Achieved single-atomic-column sensitivity, validating against X-ray measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ELD-STEM platform offers unprecedented atomic-scale insight into electronic anisotropy.
  • Enables the study of symmetry-breaking phenomena in defects, interfaces, and quantum materials.
  • Paves the way for understanding emergent functionality driven by atomic-scale electronic properties.