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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
09:22

Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications

Published on: July 25, 2025

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for CO2 Reduction Using an Indirect Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst.

I-Hua Tsai1, Chen-Hsiu Fu1, Ting-Hui Lin1

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Chemsuschem
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new photocatalyst using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI), and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. This indirect Z-scheme system significantly enhances solar-driven CO2 reduction, achieving high CO evolution yields.

Keywords:
Ag nanoparticlesbismuth oxyiodide (BiOI)graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)indirect Z‐scheme heterojunctionphotocatalytic CO2 reduction

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CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
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CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

Published on: June 12, 2019

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Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications
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Published on: July 25, 2025

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light
07:08

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

Published on: June 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photocatalysis
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Charge recombination is a major hurdle in efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
  • Developing advanced heterojunctions is crucial for improving photocatalyst performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel direct and indirect Z-scheme heterojunctions for enhanced CO2 reduction.
  • To investigate the role of silver nanoparticles as mediators in Z-scheme photocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Solvent-free ball-milling and light-driven Ag photodeposition were used to create g-C3N4/BiOI/Ag heterojunctions.
  • Characterization of photocatalyst structure and interfacial coupling.
  • Evaluation of photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity under visible light.

Main Results:

  • The Ag-bridged indirect Z-scheme heterojunction demonstrated superior CO evolution yield (344.6 μmol g-1) compared to pristine materials and direct Z-scheme.
  • Silver nanoparticles effectively mediated electron and hole transfer, suppressing recombination.
  • Enhanced carrier mobility was observed in the indirect Z-scheme system.

Conclusions:

  • The developed indirect Z-scheme photocatalyst shows significant promise for efficient solar-driven CO2 conversion.
  • Silver nanoparticles act as crucial mediators, optimizing charge transfer dynamics.
  • This work offers a valuable design strategy for advanced Z-scheme photocatalysts.