Escape into Social Media? A 4-Week Tracking Study on Nomophobia and Smartphone Coping

Background: Nomophobia, the fear of being without a mobile phone, has become an increasing public health concern. While existing theories suggest that smartphones often serve as tools for emotional regulation, the situational mechanisms driving these compensatory behaviors remain under-explored. This study investigated how nomophobia levels interact with daily emotional fluctuations and busyness to influence smartphone-based coping patterns. Methods: We employed an intensive longitudinal approach combining objective smartphone tracking with a 4-week daily diary design. Thirty-seven participants were monitored, yielding 837 daily observations. Smartphone use was categorized into Instant Messaging (IM), Social Media Use (SMU), and Non-social Use (NSU). Multilevel linear regression analyzed the interaction effects on usage metrics. Results: Nomophobia significantly correlated with the duration and frequency of SMU, but not IM or NSU. A significant three-way interaction was observed: individuals with high levels of nomophobia exhibited a significantly increased frequency of overall usage, SMU and NSU when experiencing negative emotions during periods of low busyness. In contrast, low-nomophobia individuals maintained stable usage patterns regardless of situational stressors. Conclusions: By conceptualizing smartphone usage as a behavioral proxy for the coping process, this study provides preliminary evidence that nomophobia is associated with a situation-dependent coping pattern, primarily involving increased social media usage. These findings underscore the importance of integrating situational contexts and underlying coping processes to better understand and manage problematic smartphone use.