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Relationship Between Rectal Temperature and Infrared Temperatures of a Goat's External Body Surfaces
Md Niamot Ali1, Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan1, Mst Ishrat Zerin Moni1
1Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|May 13, 2026
Summary
Non-invasive infrared thermography offers a less stressful method for measuring animal body temperature. The study found that the maximum infrared temperature of a goat
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Animal Physiology
- Biotechnology
Background:
- Rectal temperature measurement is standard but invasive for animal health monitoring.
- Non-invasive infrared thermography (IRT) offers advantages in reducing animal stress and disease transmission risks.
- IRT assesses external body surface temperatures, providing a potentially less intrusive alternative.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the correlation between rectal temperature (RT) and infrared temperature (IRT) on various external body surfaces in goats.
- To identify specific IRT measurement points that correlate well with core body temperature.
- To evaluate the potential of IRT as a non-invasive method for monitoring goat body temperature.
Main Methods:
- Eighty-four healthy goats were included in the study.
- Rectal temperature (RT) and infrared temperature (IRT) from multiple body sites (forehead, ears, eyes, coronary bands, shoulders, mouth) were recorded simultaneously.
- Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and regression analysis, were performed to assess associations between RT and IRT measures.
Main Results:
- Maximum IRT values were generally higher than RT, with exceptions in specific limb and shoulder regions.
- A significant positive association was found between RT and all measured IRT values (maximum and average).
- The strongest correlation was observed between RT and the maximum IRT of the right eye (REM), with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.63.
Conclusions:
- The maximum infrared temperature of the right eye (REM) shows potential as a reliable non-invasive indicator of core body temperature in goats.
- Further research is recommended to explore the utility of eye IRT for automated body temperature monitoring in goats.
- Non-invasive IRT methods can enhance animal welfare and biosecurity in veterinary diagnostics.
Related Concept Videos
01:27Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal
Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
01:14Temperature Measurement Sites
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
01:13Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
01:14Assessing Body Temperature - Oral
Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
01:19Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery
Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
01:14Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla
Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...