Trained Immunity in Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes: Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Functions

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Cellular Biology
• Epigenetics

Background:

• Trained immunity involves functional reprogramming of innate immune cells.
• Epigenetic and metabolic alterations drive enhanced non-specific responses.
• Neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages are key players in trained immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in trained immunity.
• To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and functions of trained immunity in these cells.
• To explore therapeutic applications of trained immunity.

Main Methods:

• Review of emerging evidence on trained immunity in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages.
• Analysis of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming pathways.
• Examination of cellular functions in clinical contexts like infection, cancer, and inflammation.

Main Results:

• Trained immunity in neutrophils originates at the bone marrow progenitor level, influencing granulopoiesis.
• Monocytes/macrophages undergo peripheral reprogramming or derive from trained precursors.
• These cells exhibit diverse roles in infection, cancer, and ischemia, with pro-inflammatory or reparative functions.

Conclusions:

• Understanding trained immunity in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages is vital for innate immunological memory research.
• This knowledge aids in clarifying disease mechanisms and developing novel therapeutics.
• Targeting granulopoiesis and monocyte-macrophage polarization offers innovative therapeutic strategies.