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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

$Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter$

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

Variation in Manifest Subjective Refraction in a Population Screened for Refractive Surgery.

Achim Langenbucher¹, Jascha Wendelstein^1,2, Nóra Szentmáry^1,3

¹Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 13, 2026

Summary

Repeat subjective refraction measurements show variations of ±0.16 to ±0.20 D. Repeat testing ensures accurate data for planning refractive surgery and optimizing formulas, estimating intraindividual refractive variations.

Keywords:

power vector analysis repeat measurements subjective manifest refraction variation in refraction

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Published on: September 16, 2025

$Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening$

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Optometry
Refractive Surgery

Background:

Subjective manifest refraction is crucial for refractive surgery planning.
Understanding variations in refraction measurements is essential for accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the variability of subjective manifest refraction measurements.
To analyze repeat refractometry data in patients screened for myopia correction surgery.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of refraction data from 175 eyes.
Measurements converted to power vector components (SEQ, C0, C45).
Evaluation of mean power vectors and deviations from repeat measurements.

Main Results:

Variations (DEV) in spherical equivalent (SEQ) and cylinder (CYL) correlated with patient age.
Cylinder variation correlated with mean SEQ and CYL.
Mean variations ranged from ±0.16 to ±0.20 D for SPH, CYL, and power vector components.

Conclusions:

Repeat subjective refraction measurements exhibit predictable variations.
Repeat refractometry is recommended for reliable data in refractive surgery planning and formula optimization.
Repeat testing helps estimate intraindividual refractive variations.