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Updated: May 14, 2026

Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis
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Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis

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Machine-Learning-Based Color Sensing Using Wearable SENSIPATCH Spectrometer Module: An Experimental Study.

Hamza Mustafa1,2, Federico Fina3, Mario Molinara1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a machine learning approach for spectral color sensing using the SENSIPATCH wearable system. The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model achieved high accuracy in classifying PANTONE colors, even with variations in sensor placement.

Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Wearable technology
  • Machine learning

Background:

  • Accurate color classification is vital in industries like textiles and biomedicine.
  • Existing methods may lack portability or adaptability.
  • Wearable sensors offer potential for on-site, real-time color analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a machine learning framework for spectral color classification using a wearable sensor.
  • To assess the performance of different machine learning models for this task.
  • To investigate the robustness of the system against variations in wearable sensor placement.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the spectrometer module of the SENSIPATCH wearable system, featuring multi-wavelength LEDs and photodiodes.
  • Collected spectral data for 100 standardized PANTONE colors under controlled lighting.
Keywords:
LEDPANTONEclassificationcolor sensingcolorsmachine learningsensorsspectroscopywearable

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis
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  • Applied data preprocessing techniques including baseline correction, bootstrapping, and Z-score normalization.
  • Trained and evaluated five machine learning models: Random Forest, SVM, MLP, CNN, and LSTM.
  • Main Results:

    • The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model exhibited the highest color classification performance.
    • The MLP model demonstrated consistent accuracy across both firm and loose sensor contact scenarios.
    • The results indicate robustness against variations in wearable placement.

    Conclusions:

    • Compact LED-based wearable spectroscopy is feasible for reliable color classification under controlled conditions.
    • The developed MLP model shows promise for practical applications requiring accurate color sensing.
    • Further research can extend this approach to variable lighting conditions.