An Exploratory Analysis of Postural Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using a Smartphone IMU Sensor

There is a growing need for highly accessible and simplified methods to track postural control in adults affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the validity of smartphone-derived postural control analyses compared with traditional center-of-pressure (COP) measures in healthy adults and people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

A total of 36 participants (21 controls, 15 T2DM) completed static postural testing during single- and double-leg stance, also with eyes open and eyes closed. Data from a smartphone attached to the lower back measured trunk acceleration (SP-ACC) concurrently with gold-standard center of pressure (COP). The root mean square (RMS) and movement velocity (MV) were extracted from both trunk acceleration and COP data. The effect of balance condition and groups were statistically evaluated using non-parametric statistical tests.

SP-ACC and COP metrics showed progressive sway increases with task difficulty in both groups (all p < 0.001). RMS-ACC demonstrated moderate-to-strong correlations with RMS-COP across conditions (r = 0.55-0.90). Compared with controls, the T2DM group exhibited significantly higher RMS-ACC in DLS-EC and SLS-EO (both p < 0.01) and higher MV-ACC in DLS-EO, SLS-EO, and SLS-EC (p = 0.04-<0.001), reflecting impaired postural control.

Smartphone-based IMU assessments showed good agreement with COP analysis and detected condition-specific balance deficits in T2DM. These findings support smartphone-based IMU metrics as a promising tool for accessible and scalable balance screening in diabetes care.