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Related Concept Videos

Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine01:21

Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine

Conducting a three-phase short circuit test on an unloaded synchronous machine helps understand its impact on the system. The AC fault current's oscillogram, with the DC offset removed, reveals that the waveform amplitude decreases from an initially high value to a steady-state level for one phase of the machine.
This behavior occurs due to the magnetic flux produced by the short-circuit armature currents. Initially, these currents follow high-reluctance paths but eventually shift to...
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the copper windings...
Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits01:21

Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits

Determining the subtransient fault current in a power system involves representing transformers by their leakage reactances, transmission lines by their equivalent series reactances, and synchronous machines as constant voltage sources behind their subtransient reactances. In this analysis, certain elements are excluded, such as winding resistances, series resistances, shunt admittances, delta-Y phase shifts, armature resistance, saturation, saliency, non-rotating impedance loads, and small...
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

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Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing
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Online Monitoring of Transformer Winding Faults Based on Pulse Coupling Injection.

Zetong Wang1, Yuhan Zou1, Junhao Ma1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel online monitoring method for transformer winding deformation using pulse-coupled injection. The system achieves high accuracy (97.6%) in fault classification, enhancing transformer safety and maintenance.

Keywords:
MSCNN–Transformer–PGA modelcapacitive coupling sensorlive monitoringpulse frequency response methodtransformer winding fault

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Power Systems
  • Diagnostic Techniques

Background:

  • Traditional transformer winding deformation detection methods require power outages and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratios.
  • Existing techniques often exhibit insufficient feature extraction capabilities for online monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a live monitoring and intelligent diagnosis method for transformer winding deformation using pulse-coupled injection.
  • To develop a non-contact sensing system for high-frequency pulse signal injection and extraction without power outages.
  • To create an advanced deep composite model for accurate fault classification.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a semi-ring capacitive coupling sensor for non-contact, high-signal-to-noise ratio pulse signal injection and extraction.
  • Designed an MSCNN-Transformer-PGA deep composite model integrating electromagnetic physics knowledge and transformer equivalent circuit models.
  • Employed multi-scale convolution for local feature extraction, Transformer for global sequence dependence, and Physics-Guided Attention (PGA) for focusing on critical fault frequencies.

Main Results:

  • Field experiments on 110 kV transformers validated the system's reliability under complex conditions.
  • The proposed method effectively overcomes electromagnetic noise interference.
  • Achieved a fault classification accuracy of 97.6% using single-modal pulse frequency response data.

Conclusions:

  • The developed pulse-coupled injection method offers a high-precision online monitoring solution for transformer winding deformation.
  • The intelligent diagnosis system enhances the safe operation and maintenance of transformers.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of traditional methods, enabling continuous monitoring without power interruption.