Use of Microwave Technology for Agro-Based Polymers: A Selective Review

Microwave technology is being used increasingly in polymer processing, where significant time and energy savings have been demonstrated across many systems. In this work, we first provide an overview of microwave-assisted processes involving agro-based materials, with emphasis on microwave-assisted modification reactions and extractions. A more detailed review then highlights several examples from the authors' laboratories. For example, microwave heating has been shown to greatly accelerate the synthesis of cellulosic derivatives from cellulose and the formation of a polyurethane from a carbohydrate and a diisocyanate, while still producing polymers comparable in structure to those obtained by conventional heating. Likewise, microwave treatment can speed up pericyclic reactions involving triglycerides and cardanol, leading to products with enhanced viscosity. In extraction applications, such as recovering phenolic compounds from common beans, microwave methods can sometimes yield higher extraction efficiencies. Beyond time and energy savings, the reduced processing duration also decreases workers' exposure to chemicals and solvents, thereby improving safety and lowering chemical hazards. Thus, microwave treatment can be considered a "green", energy-efficient tool for many polymer reactions and processes.