FCDNet: An Efficient and Cost-Effective Strawberry Disease Detection Model for Smart Farming Management

With the rapid development of precision agriculture and smart farming management, accurate crop disease detection has become a critical tool for optimizing agricultural resource allocation, controlling operational costs, and supporting scientific plant protection strategies. However, real-world field environments are often characterized by strong background interference, multiple concurrent diseases, and fine-grained lesion differences, posing significant challenges to existing detection methods in practical agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this paper, we propose Freq-spatial Context Dynamic Network(FCDNet), an efficient and cost-effective detection model tailored for multi-category strawberry disease recognition in complex field management scenarios. The proposed model integrates a Freq-Spatial Feature Module (FSFM), a Context Guide Fusion Module (CGFM), and a Task Align Dynamic Detection Head (TADDH), enabling enhanced expression of high-frequency micro-lesions, adaptive filtering of field background noise, and spatial alignment of classification and regression tasks, while maintaining a lightweight architecture suitable for low-cost agricultural edge devices. Extensive experiments conducted on the newly constructed Strawberry Disease Dataset-7(S7DD) demonstrate that FCDNet consistently outperforms existing mainstream methods, achieving an F1-score of 91.0% and an mAP@0.5 of 94.6%. The model's architectural robustness and capacity for generalization are further substantiated by evaluations across diverse agricultural datasets using PlantDoc and ALDOD. Ultimately, FCDNet became a practical and cost-effective tool for real-time detection of strawberry diseases, directly supporting more accurate yield forecasting and risk management in smart agriculture systems.