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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
07:57

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

Published on: December 5, 2025

Horn-Shaped Perforator Flaps for Plantar.

Zhuoran Wang1, Xinyi Li2, Xiaojing Li2

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The horn-shaped perforator flap offers a reliable method for reconstructing plantar defects, achieving high flap survival and excellent functional recovery. This technique provides a viable alternative to skin grafting for foot wound repair.

Keywords:
footperforator flapsskinskin neoplasmssurgical flaps

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Published on: March 31, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Plantar defects present significant reconstructive challenges.
  • Traditional methods may involve skin grafting with variable outcomes.
  • Perforator flap techniques offer potential for improved reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of the horn-shaped perforator flap for plantar defect reconstruction.
  • To assess clinical outcomes including flap survival and functional recovery.
  • To investigate the method and outcomes of this specific flap technique.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of 40 patients undergoing plantar defect reconstruction.
  • Utilized the horn-shaped perforator flap technique.
  • Evaluated flap survival, functional recovery (AOFAS score), sensory recovery, and time to weight-bearing.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 95% complete flap survival.
  • Mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 91.3, with 80% excellent functional recovery.
  • 87.1% of patients regained protective sensation, with a mean time to full weight-bearing of 6.4 weeks.

Conclusions:

  • The horn-shaped perforator flap is a reliable option for small-to-medium plantar defects.
  • It provides homologous glabrous skin, avoiding donor site skin grafting.
  • Favorable functional and aesthetic outcomes are associated with its unique design and preservation of perforators.