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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
07:37

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

The Intertwining Between Arthritis and Inborn Errors of Immunity.

Rita Consolini1, Giulia Maestrini2, Sarah Abu-Rumeileh2

  • 1Section of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Inflammatory arthritis is a key feature of many inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), often presenting diagnostic challenges. Recognizing "red flags" like infections and treatment resistance prompts crucial immunological evaluation for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Wiskott–Aldrich syndromeX-linked agammaglobulinemiaautoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies (ALPIDs)common variable immunodeficiencycomplement deficiencieshyper-IgM syndromeimmunodeficiencyjuvenile idiopathic arthritis

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
07:37

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Immune dysregulation is common in inborn errors of immunity (IEIs).
  • Inflammatory arthritis is an underrecognized complication across various IEI categories.
  • Arthritis can be the primary presentation, complicating rheumatologic diagnoses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on arthritis associated with IEIs.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and immunopathogenic mechanisms.
  • To discuss emerging therapeutic perspectives for IEI-associated arthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of IEI and arthritis.
  • Analysis of immunopathogenic mechanisms.
  • Discussion of clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria.

Main Results:

  • Arthritis occurs in humoral immunodeficiencies, complement deficiencies, immune dysregulation disorders, and combined immunodeficiencies.
  • Pathogenesis involves immune complex clearance defects, dysregulated lymphocyte responses, and aberrant cytokine signaling.
  • IEI-associated arthritis mimics other rheumatic conditions but has distinct features.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing arthritis in IEIs is critical, with specific red flags prompting immunological evaluation.
  • Management may involve immunosuppressants, with targeted therapies emerging based on molecular understanding.
  • Further research is needed to refine diagnosis and treatment of IEI-related arthritis.