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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Immune-Mediated Hypophysitis: An Updated Review.

Pedro Iglesias1,2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune-mediated hypophysitis, a group of pituitary disorders, requires specific diagnosis and treatment. Early recognition of hypopituitarism and adrenal insufficiency is crucial to prevent severe complications.

Keywords:
IgG4-related hypophysitishypophysitisimmune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitisimmune-mediated hypophysitislymphocytic hypophysitismagnetic resonance imagingparaneoplastic immune-mediated hypophysitispituitary hormone deficiencies

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Immune-mediated hypophysitis encompasses diverse inflammatory pituitary disorders like lymphocytic hypophysitis and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced hypophysitis.
  • These conditions share immune origins but present with varied clinical, imaging, and treatment considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of immune-mediated hypophysitis.
  • To highlight the importance of etiological heterogeneity in understanding these pituitary disorders.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review synthesizing current evidence.
  • Focus on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, radiological characteristics, diagnostic approach, and management.

Main Results:

  • Hypopituitarism, especially ACTH deficiency leading to adrenal insufficiency, is a frequent and critical manifestation.
  • MRI findings vary, often showing pituitary enlargement, but can be subtle in certain subtypes like PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-associated hypophysitis.
  • Diagnosis integrates endocrine, radiological, and clinical data; management involves hormone replacement and targeted immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

  • Immune-mediated hypophysitis is a spectrum of disorders needing multidisciplinary, etiology-specific care.
  • Prompt diagnosis is vital to avoid life-threatening endocrine issues.
  • Understanding immunopathogenesis and identifying biomarkers will improve diagnosis and personalize treatment.