Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Food Chain: Molecular Epidemiology, Resistance Mechanisms, and...

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major antimicrobial-resistant pathogen affecting both human and animal health. Although historically associated with healthcare settings, MRSA is now established in livestock production and throughout the production chain. Its detection in animals, food products, and processing environments reflects the complex ecology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in modern food systems. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular basis of methicillin resistance and multidrug resistance determinants, as well as the epidemiology of MRSA in food-associated settings. Particular emphasis is placed on its occurrence in animal-derived foods and key reservoirs within farms, slaughterhouses, and processing environments. Livestock-associated populations are dominated by clonal complex CC398. In contrast, CC9 is prevalent in pig production systems in Asia, while CC5-related lineages occur at the human and animal interface. MRSA has been detected in retail meat and animal-derived foods at low but measurable prevalence, indicating contamination during slaughter and processing. Virulence determinants include staphylococcal enterotoxins linked to food poisoning and Panton-Valentine leukocidin associated with severe infections. Biofilm formation and adhesins further support persistence and colonization. Epidemiological and molecular evidence indicates that livestock, processing environments, and food-contact surfaces act as interconnected reservoirs sustaining MRSA circulation. Human exposure occurs primarily through occupational contact and environmental pathways, whereas foodborne transmission appears less common. Effective control requires integrated surveillance, responsible antimicrobial use in livestock production, and strict hygiene practices throughout the production chain within a One Health framework.