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Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste

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A Circular Material Value Retention Framework for Agricultural By-Product Valorisation.

Roxane Alizad¹, Yousef Haddad¹, Konstantinos Salonitis¹

¹Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 13, 2026

Summary

Valorisation pathways offer varied environmental benefits, with effectiveness depending on material value retention. This study introduces a framework to assess circularity and guide sustainable bioeconomy development.

Keywords:

agricultural by-products bioenergy biomass circular bioeconomy circular economy crop residue material value retention

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Circular Economy

Background:

Valorisation pathways are promoted for sustainability but their environmental benefits and contribution to material circularity are inconsistent.
Existing practices range from soil amendment to bioenergy recovery, with varying capacities to preserve material quality and function.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically identify and map valorisation routes in the EU and UK.
To evaluate their environmental performance and economic viability using a material value retention lens.
To introduce a novel framework for comparing valorisation options based on intrinsic material value retention.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of existing valorisation practices.
Development of an evaluative framework focused on material value retention (structural, functional, and reuse potential).
Utilisation of a classification tool and expert-refined guiding questions to complement existing environmental assessments.

Main Results:

Identified a spectrum of valorisation practices with diverse sustainability outcomes.
Highlighted significant variations in the capacity of different pathways to retain material quality and enable high-value reuse.
Demonstrated the utility of the novel framework in assessing material circularity.

Conclusions:

The effectiveness of valorisation pathways in achieving genuine environmental sustainability and material circularity is highly variable.
A material value retention approach is crucial for holistic decision-making in circular material systems.
The developed framework supports integrated strategies for a resilient circular bioeconomy.