Low Hydration Heat with High Strength in LHPC Composite Binders Governed by Hydration Efficiency and Matrix...

Achieving low hydration heat without sacrificing strength is essential for early-age temperature-crack control in concrete. This study designed a low-heat Portland cement (LHPC)-fly ash (FA)-ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)-silica fume (SF) binder system with LHPC fixed at 80 wt.% and total supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) fixed at 20 wt.%. Compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 d, 7 d isothermal calorimetry combined with Krstulović-Dabić (K-D) modeling, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to identify a low-heat/high-strength pathway. The mixture containing 20 wt.% FA (F20) reduced the 7 d cumulative heat to 194.060 J·g^-1 but lowered the 28 d compressive strength to 44.2 MPa. Replacing FA with GGBS under the same replacement level restored the strength baseline, and the mixture containing 20 wt.% GGBS (G20) reached 56.7 MPa. Introducing SF created an optimum compositional window, and the mixture containing 10 wt.% FA, 3 wt.% GGBS, and 7 wt.% SF (F10G3S7) achieved the highest 28 d strength of 58.2 MPa. Notably, the mixture containing 10 wt.% FA, 9 wt.% GGBS, and 1 wt.% SF (F10G9S1) combined relatively low 7 d heat (203.545 J·g^-1) with high 28 d strength (54.2 MPa). K-D fitting showed that FA lowered the heat potential (Qmax = 217.98 J·g^-1) relative to LHPC (236.19 J·g^-1), whereas GGBS/SF blends increased Qmax to 268.77-271.55 J·g^-1, indicating composition-dependent hydration efficiency. TGA revealed higher bound water per unit LHPC at 28 d (21.46-22.97%) than in LHPC alone (17.17%), and bound water correlated more strongly with compressive strength (R² = 0.75-0.78) than calcium hydroxide (CH) content (R² = 0.66-0.67). SEM confirmed a more continuous gel-rich matrix in F10G9S1, suggesting that the low-heat/high-strength route is governed by efficient heat-to-hydrate conversion and microstructural densification rather than heat output alone. These findings provide both mechanistic insight and practical guidance for proportioning low-heat, high-strength binders for concrete applications requiring early-age temperature-crack control.