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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions01:27

The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions

The Debye–Hückel theory, established by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel in 1923, is a fundamental concept in physical chemistry. It provides an understanding of the behavior of strong electrolytes in solution, particularly explaining their deviations from ideal behavior.The theory is based on Coulombic interactions (the attraction or repulsion between charged particles) between ions in solution. In an ionic solution, oppositely charged ions tend to attract each other. This means that cations...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Synergistically Competitive Coordination for Modulating Electrolyte Solvation Structures Toward High-Performance

Miao Liu1, Jiali Lin1, Jiande Lin2

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new electrolyte using dimethoxymethane (DMM) with 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) enhances low-temperature sodium battery performance. This synergistic-competitive coordination lowers the sodium ion desolvation energy barrier for stable operation in extreme cold.

Keywords:
1,2‐diethoxyethaneNa+ desolvation barriersdimethoxymethanelow temperature sodium metal batterysynergistic‐competitive coordination

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Rapid in-silico Battery Electrolyte Electrochemical Reaction Generation using 3T-VASP Multi-Scale Energy Minimization

Published on: August 22, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Linear ether-based solvents effectively reduce Na+ desolvation energy barriers in low-temperature sodium batteries.
  • 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) shows promise but forms quasi-chelating structures, leading to high desolvation energy barriers in extreme cold.
  • Developing electrolytes for stable cold-temperature sodium metal battery operation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a novel electrolyte for improved low-temperature sodium metal battery performance.
  • To investigate the synergistic-competitive coordination effect of dimethoxymethane (DMM) as a cosolvent in a DEE-based electrolyte.
  • To reduce the Na+ desolvation energy barrier under severe cold conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations to analyze Na+ solvation structure and interactions.
  • Electrolyte design incorporating dimethoxymethane (DMM) into a 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) base.
  • Fabrication and testing of Na||Na symmetric cells, Na||Cu cells, and full cells (NaFe1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2||Na and Na3V2(PO4)3||Na).

Main Results:

  • DMM competes with DEE for Na+ coordination, weakening Na+-DEE interactions and lowering the desolvation energy barrier.
  • Promoted anion-involved coordination under cold conditions.
  • Na||Na symmetric cells demonstrated stable cycling over 3500 hours at -40°C.
  • Na||Cu cells achieved 99.7% coulombic efficiency at -20°C.
  • Full cells showed good capacity retention at low temperatures: NaFe1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2||Na retained 78.7% at -20°C, and Na3V2(PO4)3||Na maintained 99.2% at -40°C.

Conclusions:

  • The synergistic-competitive coordination strategy effectively reduces the Na+ desolvation energy barrier in DEE-based electrolytes at low temperatures.
  • The novel DMM-DEE electrolyte enables stable and efficient operation of sodium metal batteries under severe cold conditions.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for developing next-generation cold-tolerant sodium batteries.