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Related Concept Videos

Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...
Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria
07:02

An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria

Published on: June 12, 2019

Distinct RNA Physical Microenvironments Shape Unique Properties and Functions within Biomolecular Condensates.

Huan Feng1,2, Yuening Yang1,3, Yulong Bai1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to measure the physical microenvironments of RNA within biomolecular condensates. This study reveals RNA

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Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers
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Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

Published on: August 20, 2014

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria
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Published on: June 12, 2019

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers
06:59

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

Published on: August 20, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates are crucial for cellular regulation, forming via multivalent interactions.
  • While protein microenvironments in condensates are studied, RNA microenvironments remain less understood.
  • Understanding RNA's physical environment is key to deciphering its role in cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative method for measuring RNA physical microenvironments within biomolecular condensates.
  • To investigate the distinct physical properties of RNA compared to proteins in condensates.
  • To explore the relationship between RNA microenvironment and its function and organization.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel chemical method integrating RNA-labeling chemistry.
  • Utilizing environmentally sensitive fluorophores for detection.
  • Employing fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for quantitative analysis.

Main Results:

  • RNAs exhibit unique micropolarity and microviscosity, differing from proteins within condensates.
  • RNAs remain miscible in condensates, unlike some protein systems that demix.
  • Micropolarity differences influence RNA partitioning and distribution among condensates.
  • Elevated RNA micropolarity correlates with enhanced ribozyme catalytic activity.

Conclusions:

  • RNA physical microenvironments actively shape RNA organization and function within biomolecular condensates.
  • Transient RNA-protein interactions, influenced by micropolarity, contribute to condensate behavior.
  • This work provides new insights into the physical forces governing RNA within cellular compartments.