Behavioral Medicine in Cholangiocarcinoma: Bridging the Gap Between Biology and Behavior

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignant tumor with extremely poor prognosis, and its global incidence is increasing, posing a growing public health burden. Behavioral factors, such as diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and psychological status, are closely associated with the development of CCA. This narrative review delves into the multidimensional burden of CCA, including psychological distress, symptom profiles, and socioeconomic impacts. It also summarizes evidence from related gastrointestinal cancers to explain the biological mechanisms through which lifestyle modifications may improve prognosis, including immunomodulation, inflammatory cascades, and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, we propose an integrated framework for behavioral medicine and hepatobiliary care, emphasizing the pivotal role of behavioral interventions in enhancing CCA prevention and clinical outcomes.