Changes in physical performance with aging in master athletes and in the general population: an update

One of the fundamental biological processes underlying aging is the decline in physical performance. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, chronic inflammation, and other factors including the loss of motor units largely account for this decline. Master athletes-individuals who train and compete well beyond early adulthood-represent a valuable model for studying healthy aging. In the general population, physical performance follows a characteristic lifespan trajectory, increasing from childhood to a peak in early adulthood and progressively declining with aging due to a reduction in muscle mass and quality, and in multisystem physiological functions. The seminal studies by Gava and colleagues on master athletes indicate that, under ideal conditions of being disease-free or injury-free, performance loss of these athletes follows an attenuated, linear fashion from early adulthood into advanced age. While lifelong training cannot halt age-related physiological deterioration, it can attenuate the rate of functional decline in cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and musculoskeletal functions. From a sex-based perspective, males demonstrate an absolute advantage in power and strength compared to females, whereas differences in endurance performance are smaller. With age, the physical performance gap between the two sexes tends to narrow, particularly in endurance disciplines. Overall, the master athlete model supports the concept that aging-related performance decay follows predictable biological rules, while its rate remains highly modifiable through sustained physical activity. These insights have important implications for exercise prescription, preventive strategies, and healthy aging.