Group training classes for dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction: effects on sleep, activity, and caregiver burden

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition of ageing dogs, sharing pathological and clinical features with Alzheimer's disease. Despite the growing prevalence of CCD, non-pharmacological interventions for affected companion animals remain underexplored. This study evaluated the effects of structured group training classes on signs of CCD, sleep, daily activity, and caregiver burden. Forty-two dogs (≥ 8 years) with mild to moderate CCD were enrolled in either a scent-based (S; n = 21) or physical structured training (PST; n = 21) program. Each dog completed five consecutive weekly sessions, with outcomes assessed through the Canine Dementia Scale (CADES), accelerometry (FitBark), and validated caregiver burden measures at baseline, treatment, and post-treatment. CCD scores remained stable across all phases, suggesting no measurable cognitive changes. However, a significant interaction between training type and treatment phase was observed for sleep: dogs in the PST group demonstrated improved Fitbark sleep scores over time, while those in the S group declined. Daily activity followed expected bimodal patterns, with scent-trained dogs exhibiting reductions in morning and evening activity peaks. Caregiver burden decreased significantly across time in both groups, and caregivers reported high satisfaction with class participation, citing enhanced confidence and social support. These findings indicate that while structured training did not alter CCD severity scores, PST was associated with a small improvement in sleep, S was associated with reduced activity, and participation in both classes was linked to reduced caregiver burden. Further research is needed to confirm these changes and determine their effect on dog and human wellbeing. Group training classes may represent an accessible, welfare-focused intervention for managing CCD in companion dogs.